Additivity of the integral: ∀c∈I,a∫bf(x)dx=a∫cf(x)dx+c∫bf(x)dx.
The mean value property of the integral: if f≥0 on [a,b],z∫bf(x)dx≥0
Monotonicity of the integral: if f≤g on [a,b],a∫bf(x)dx≤a∫bg(x)dx.
Geometric interpretation of the definite integral
Let a<b be real numbers and f:[a,b]→R a positive continuous function. The region
under the graph of f is Γf={(x,y)∈R2∣a≤x≤b,0≤y≤f(x)}.
The Riemann sum (or integral sum) associated with f, Δ and ξ is the
real number σ=i=1∑nf(ξ)⋅(xi−xi−1) where ξ=(ξ1,ξ2,...,ξn)=(ξi)1≤i≤n with ξi∈[xi−1,xi], i∈{1,2,...,n} being the system of
intermediate points associated with the partition: Δ=(a=x0<x1<...<xn−1=b).
The area under the graph of a positive continuous function f:[a,b]→R is:
area (Γf)=a∫bf(x)dx.
The Riemann integral of piecewise continuous functions
A function f:[a,b]→R is called piecewise continuous if it has at most a finite,
non-zero number of points of discontinuity, and these are discontinuities of the
first kind.
Integrating piecewise continuous functions. A piecewise continuous function
f:[a,b]→R is integrable on [a,b] and a∫bf(x)dx=i=1∑pci−1∫cifi(x)dx, where fi:[ci−1,ci]→R,i∈{1,...,p}, are the continuous
functions associated with f.
Methods for computing definite integrals
Integration by parts. Suppose the functions f,g:I→R are differentiable, with
continuous derivatives f′,g′:I→R. Let a,b∈I be two numbers. Then:
a∫bf(x)g′(x)dx=f(x)g(x)∣ab−a∫bg(x)f′(x)dx.
Change of variable. Suppose the function φ:J→I is differentiable with
continuous derivative, and the function F:I→R is continuous. Let α,β∈J be two
numbers. Then: α∫βf(φ(t))⋅φ′(t)dt=φ(α)∫φ(β)f(x)dx. One changes both variable and symbol, φ(t)=x and φ′(t)dt=dx,t∈J
and x∈I.
Further properties:
a∫af(x)dx=0
a∫bf(x)dx=−b∫af(x)dx
∫abi=1∑nki⋅fi(x)dx=i=1∑nki∫abfi(x)dx,k∈R
The mean value property of the integral
For the function f, there exists a number c∈(a,b) such that